| Systems manufactured by Applicable Electronics Inc.: |
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SIET:
"The SIET (Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique) can measure ion concentrations down to picomolar levels but must be measured slowly at approximately 1-2 seconds per point. This is mainly due to the mechanical disturbance of the gradient by the electrode movement, although the time constant of the LIX (Liquid Ion Exchanger) electrodes is also a factor. It takes a fraction of a second to reestablish the gradient. The electrode is stepped from one position to another in a defined sampling routine while also being scanned with the 3D micro-stepper motor manipulator (CMC-4). 1,2,3D or complex measurement paths are user programmable."
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SPET:
"The SPET (Scanning Polarographic Electrode Technique) can measure dissolved oxygen gradients in aqueous media down to a fraction of a percent of concentration. An electrode is polarized to create a reduction reaction on the electrode tip. Different types of polarized electrodes can be utilized as well. Clark, Whalen and cathode type oxygen electrodes, carbon fiber based nitric oxide electrodes can be used along with many other types of polarized electrodes."
...... from AEI website.
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SVET:
"The SVET (Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique) can measure voltage gradients down to nV levels at a minimum speed of approximately 50 ms per scan point. Voltage gradients are not disturbed by the probe¡¯s vibrations, which are typically 200 Hz to 1.0 kHz. The 2D vibration is accomplished by use of piezoelectric wafers driven by sine wave oscillators. The PSD-2 amplifier was designed for SVET applications."
...... from AEI website.
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SLEIS:
"The PSD-2 amplifier and preamplifier are also capable of SLEIS (Scanning Localized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) measurements below the 1.0 kHz range (typically 30-100Hz). Essentially, one leaves the microelectrode stationary (non-vibrating) and then drives the sample with the oscillators in the PSD-2, either directly, or via a potentiostat. Another mode is available as well to allow one axis to measure as an SVET and the other to measure as an SLEIS simultaneously while scanning the probe over a sample under potentiostat control. These methods of measurement provide the user with high sensitivity and a spatial resolution limited by the electrode tip, typically 5-50 ¦̀m diameter."
...... from AEI website.
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DVIT:
"DVIT (Difference Viewer Imaging Technique) Little is known about the basic mechanisms of passive oxide breakdown, repair, and localized corrosion. An instrument and methods have been developed to study initial local events and mechanisms that maintain passivity breakdown and subsequent corrosion."
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